{"id":11016,"date":"2023-02-23T11:32:22","date_gmt":"2023-02-23T03:32:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.focoinduction.com\/cac-loai-han-giai-thich\/"},"modified":"2025-01-02T11:10:28","modified_gmt":"2025-01-02T03:10:28","slug":"cac-loai-han-giai-thich","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.focoinduction.com\/vi\/cac-loai-han-giai-thich\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed1i kim lo\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u00f2 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kim lo\u1ea1i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f2, m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau\u2014h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng, h\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, h\u00e0n nh\u00fang, h\u00e0n l\u00f2 v\u00e0 h\u00e0n h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n<\/div>

H\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

H\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed1i kim lo\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3 kim lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac (faying) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, kim lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n h\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh so v\u1edbi h\u00e0n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i hai kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng, trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i d\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<\/div>

6 lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n. H\u00e0n c\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng kim lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 [1, 2]. <\/p>\n

1. H\u00e0n kh\u00f2: M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i kim lo\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n

H\u00e0n kh\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho hai b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u00f2 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n n\u00e0y. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u00f2 c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t b\u1eb1ng axetilen ho\u1eb7c propylen, trong khi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9n \u1edf d\u1ea1ng d\u00e2y ho\u1eb7c thanh. H\u00e0n kh\u00f2 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e8n kh\u00f2 c\u1ea7m tay. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. <\/p>\n

2. H\u00e0n l\u00f2: M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cao<\/h3>\n

H\u00e0n l\u00f2 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00f2 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec7t n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t quy m\u00f4 v\u1eeba v\u00e0 l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t quy m\u00f4 v\u1eeba, quy tr\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ea1p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3t nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o l\u00f2. Ti\u1ebfp theo, l\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Sau khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nung n\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y ra kh\u1ecfi l\u00f2. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cao s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00f2 nung ch\u1ea3y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean b\u0103ng t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n gia nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t kh\u00e1c nhau. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n l\u00f2, v\u1edbi kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c kh\u1eed. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, l\u00f2 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. <\/p>\n

3. H\u00e0n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gia nhi\u1ec7t nhanh cho s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao<\/h3>\n

H\u00e0n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng<\/a> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd sinh nhi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1p kim lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng mang d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao. \u0110i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u1ee5m b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00e0o v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng. T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 AC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u00e0n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi t\u1eeb 5 kHz – 5 MHz. T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong khi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ph\u00f4i. H\u00e0n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gia nhi\u1ec7t nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kim lo\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n

4. H\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gia nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf<\/h3>\n

H\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thu nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i kim lo\u1ea1i khi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y qua ch\u00fang. Trong quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 \u1edf gi\u1eefa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y qua c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf tu\u00e2n theo c\u00f9ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u01b0 h\u00e0n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh kim lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u00e0n ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u00edt \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi h\u00e0n. V\u00ec c\u1ea3 h\u00e0n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 nhanh n\u00ean ch\u00fang h\u1eefu \u00edch trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf. <\/p>\n

5. H\u00e0n nh\u00fang: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng nhanh cho nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn<\/h3>\n

H\u00e0n nh\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed3n kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed3n mu\u1ed1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec3 gia nhi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang trong b\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c di\u1ec5n ra khi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o ra. Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ed3n mu\u1ed1i, h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ee3 dung v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong c\u1ee5m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong khi \u1edf trong b\u1ed3n kim lo\u1ea1i, kim lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng mao d\u1eabn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ng\u00e2m. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00e0n nh\u00fang c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 nhanh. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 h\u00e0n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. <\/p>\n

6. H\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ecfng<\/h3>\n

Trong h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00e8n IR c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 W nhi\u1ec7t, khi chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kim lo\u1ea1i, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tan ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i m\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n<\/div>

Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/h2>\n

C\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n ch\u00ednh, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m. H\u00e0n kh\u00f2 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. H\u00e0n l\u00f2, bao g\u1ed3m l\u00f2 nung, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn cao. H\u00e0n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gia nhi\u1ec7t nhanh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf. H\u00e0n nh\u00fang l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i, trong khi h\u00e0n h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i m\u1ecfng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tia IR. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i trong s\u00e1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, quy m\u00f4 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n<\/div>

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] MP Groover, C\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: Quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/em> , \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9<\/sup> 5. Wiley. [2] Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i h\u00e0n Hoa K\u1ef3. \u1ee6y ban h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng thau v\u00e0 h\u00e0n thi\u1ebfc, S\u1ed5 tay h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng thau<\/em> , \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9<\/sup> 3. Miami: Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i h\u00e0n Hoa K\u1ef3, 1976, trang ix, 309 trang.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11018,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[198],"tags":[231],"class_list":["post-11016","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-198","tag-han-cam-ung"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.focoinduction.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11016","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.focoinduction.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.focoinduction.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.focoinduction.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.focoinduction.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11016"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.focoinduction.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11016\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.focoinduction.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11018"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.focoinduction.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11016"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.focoinduction.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11016"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.focoinduction.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11016"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}